The first issue of LEGAL HORIZONS  for 2025 (issue 24, No. 1) offers a diverse and timely exploration of legal challenges and transformations in both national and comparative contexts. As societies across the globe confront complex socio-political dynamics, rapid technological advancement, and the evolving demands of justice, the articles in this volume collectively underscore the importance of legal adaptability, accountability, and inclusivity. The thematic diversity of the contributions reflects the authors’ deep engagement with legal challenges faced by various jurisdictions and highlights the importance of interdisciplinary and comparative approaches in contemporary legal scholarship.

Opening this issue, article by D.B. Satria, Sudarsono, and Istislam, titled “The urgency of reformulating electric bicycle regulation in Indonesia: A comparative analysis with the United States and the European Union in realizing legal certainty and driving safety”. The authors highlight the pressing need to update Indonesia’s legal framework concerning electric bicycles. Drawing on comparative insights from the United States and the European Union, the article outlines pathways toward enhanced legal certainty and improved traffic safety. This study is particularly relevant in light of global trends toward sustainable mobility and evolving urban transportation policies.

Also featured in this issue is the contribution by G. Sobko examines the phenomenon of public intimidation linked to terrorist threats through both criminal law and criminological lenses. In his article "Criminal law and criminological aspects of intimidation of the population concerning terrorist threats" author analyses the existing legal frameworks and underscores the need for their enhancement in light of current security realities.

The contribution by R. Denaryo, Y.A. Setia Negara, and Sh. Hadiyantina, entitled "Public information disclosure in the process of providing legal considerations by the attorney general's office: A legal comparison between Indonesia and India", offers a comparative analysis of the regulatory frameworks in Indonesia and India regarding public access to legal information. The authors shed light on the challenge of balancing prosecutorial transparency with the effectiveness of legal processes.

In the article "Family legal relations in the context of gender equality: Legal protection of women and men", O. Ivanii explores the evolution of family legal relations in the context of gender equality. The author emphasizes the need for a balanced legal approach that ensures the rights of both women and men and identifies potential avenues for legislative reform.

M.Sh. Adhim and A. Madjid, in their piece "The dynamics of judicial independence in corruption sentencing: Between judicial discretion and the principle of legal certainty", address the complex interplay between judicial independence and legal certainty in adjudicating corruption cases. Their analysis considers how judicial discretion can align with societal expectations of fairness and consistency in anti-corruption efforts.

The article "Effectiveness of land redistribution policy in agrarian reform program: Implementation analysis and solutions to land reform land registration obstacles" by D.S.S. Wijayanti, I. Koeswahyono, and L.D. Andreassari focuses on the practical implementation of agrarian reform. The authors identify obstacles to land registration and offer concrete solutions, which may be relevant to other countries undergoing land reform processes.

Concluding this issue, the article by S. Larasati, I. Permadi, and Herlindah, "Effectiveness of supervision of transfer of infrastructure, facilities, and public utilities (PSU) functions into commercial buildings in Malang: A socio-legal approach in the perspective of good governance", employs a socio-legal approach to assess oversight mechanisms concerning the conversion of public infrastructure into commercial use. The study emphasizes the need for transparency, accountability, and adherence to the principles of good governance.

Together, these contributions not only reflect the journal's commitment to scholarly rigor and cross-border legal inquiry, but also enrich the ongoing dialogue on justice, governance, and reform in an interconnected world. We trust that readers will find this issue intellectually stimulating and practically relevant.

This issue of LEGAL HORIZONS  contributes meaningfully to the international legal discourse and invites readers to engage critically with the transformative processes shaping the effectiveness and fairness of legal systems.

— Editorial Board,

LEGAL HORIZONS